In Burundi, studies on ichthyofauna and its exploitation have mainly focused on Lake Tanganyika in general and the lakes in the north. Such river studies are poorly documented. That is why the current study was conducted in the Kinyankonge and Mpanda rivers. It took place over a period of five months (January, February, February, March, April and May 2018). Three sites per river were chosen according to the speed of the current, the transparency of the water and the characteristics of biotopes. The fish were caught using small-scale fishing (fishing with lines and nets, nets and nets). Spear fishing has only been observed in the Mpanda River. A total of 19 species divided into 12 genera and 7 families have been inventoried. Eighteen out of 17 species (94.7% of the total species richness) against 6 out of 19 species (31.57%) respectively in the Mpanda and Kinyankonge rivers. The Cyprinidae family is the most represented (9 species out of 19 (i.e. 47.4% of the total species richness). The lowest species richness was observed during the short rainy season (January and February). Only 3 out of 19 species (or 15.78% of the total species richness) represent 61.45% of the total numerical importance with 60.80% of the total biomass. Some fishing gear, such as line, mosquito net, and gillnet, which each caught all species, is described as non-selective in terms of both species and sizes. Thus, 10 species out of 19 inventoried (i.e. 52.61%) are caught at minimum sizes less than or equal to 7 cm of their total lengths.