The objective of this study is to analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics of the urbanization phenomenon in the city of Bujumbura. We carried out this analysis, using six Landsat images acquired between 1986 and 2019, using a cartographic approach combined with landscape ecology tools. The results reveal that over the last three decades, the proportion of the area of buildings has quadrupled at the expense of vegetation, the proportion of which is halved. The landscape dynamics observed are the result of an anthropization illustrated by the dissection of vegetation, as opposed to the creation of building stains. The bare ground experienced relative stability in the landscape studied. These spatial transformations of the urban landscape of Bujumbura compromise the sustainability of ecosystem services provided by green spaces.