This NAP document is the culmination of a long process that followed all the steps suggested by UNEP. After receiving training on survey and evaluation tools on the use of mercury in mining and small-scale gold mining operations, teams of consulting experts moved on to establishing an inventory of the situation, on all its aspects, institutional and legal, in terms of operating practices, environmental, health and finally socio-economic. The analysis of all these themes led to the development of a national synopsis on the situation of mining, artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Burundi. The latter gives, based on the quantities of gold produced during a year by all sites (67), 1 a quantity of mercury used that amounts to plus or minus 2 tonnes/year, but only in the case of the scenario assumed that all these sites practice amalgamation.2 It should also be noted that the number of miners/gold miners at the national level in the Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining (EAPO) sector is The average is 3413. Compared to the figures put forward by various literatures, which mention a global workforce of 5000 miners, all mining sectors combined, it is therefore clear that the EAPO sector is the largest in terms of workforce but also the most economically profitable. The National Synopsis also highlighted the environmental, health and social dangers posed by the EAPO sector. Indeed, it was noted that the environment is threatened by EAPO mining activities in terms of the destruction of the landscape and ecosystems, diseases inherent to the use of mercury and explosives and in terms of new social behaviors, including in particular sexual delinquency in and around sites. It is on the basis of this National Synopsis that this “National Action Plan (PAN) to reduce and/or eliminate the use of mercury in Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining in Burundi, in accordance with the provisions of the Minamata Convention on Mercury in its article 7, annex C”, has just been written.