Despite its importance, Lake Tanganyika is threatened by pollution, especially around Bujumbura, the largest city on its shores, leading to a loss of biodiversity, the destruction of its habitat and the disruption of its trophic system. Therefore, the objective of this article is to assess the impact of anthropogenic pollution in Bujumbura on rivers using physicochemical parameters of water quality and macroinvertebrate communities. Four rivers were sampled and two stations, up and down the city, were considered. EC, TDS, NH ₄, NO ₂ - and DBO5 show high values downstream of all rivers on the one hand and NO ₃ ^- with the exception of Kanyosha on the other hand, while DO values have significantly decreased downstream of the rivers with the exception of Kanyosha as well. This indicates increasing water pollution from upstream to downstream, which is consistent with the dominance of pollution-tolerant Chironomidae and Lumbriculidae downstream and the high density of taxa sensitive to pollution from EPT orders upstream of rivers. The same trend has been observed with the reduction of macroinvertebrate diversity, as the Shannon diversity and the Pielou uniformity indices are lower downstream than upstream. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that pollution-sensitive Hydropsychidae and Simuliidae and DOs are associated with upstream stations while pollution-tolerant Chironomidae have high densities on the one hand and higher nutrient concentrations, TDS, EC, and BOD5 on the other hand, were associated with downstream stations. This study indicates that the rivers crossing Bujumbura have caused anthropogenic pollution that has negatively affected the river ecosystem, causing a loss of biodiversity, a simplification of communities, and an alteration of water quality. More facilities should be installed for sufficient treatment of wastewater before it is released into rivers and Lake Tanganyika.