The main objective of this study was to analyze, in a clear Miombo forest in southwest Burundi, the possible structuring role of large termite mounds on the soil and its fauna. First, we studied the composition and distribution of the entire termite community itself, which is very poorly understood in miombo as in many African ecosystems. We also looked at whether tall termite mounds influenced the diversity of another important group of soil arthropods, namely spiders. We also characterized the changes made by tall termite mounds to the physicochemical properties of the soil, in relation to the surrounding matrix. Finally, we sought to determine which factors, in particular edaphic factors, influenced the presence of a humivorous termite species that constructs small epigeal domes, Cubitermes pallidiceps.